What best characterizes an empirical scientific approach?

The best characterization of an empirical scientific approach is controlled observation. This methodology is foundational in scientific research, as it emphasizes the importance of collecting data through systematic and objective means. Controlled observation involves conducting experiments or studies where variables can be manipulated and outcomes measured under consistent conditions, which helps ensure that findings are reliable and can be replicated.

Empirical science relies heavily on observations and experiences that can be verified by others. This method allows researchers to gather evidence and draw conclusions based on observable phenomena rather than conjecture or assumption. By using controlled observations, scientists can test hypotheses and develop theories based on real-world evidence, contributing to a more robust understanding of natural laws and principles.

While hypothetical reasoning and theoretical predictions are important components of the scientific process, they typically occur after empirical observations have been made. Non-scientific surveys do not involve the rigorous standards or controlled conditions that characterize true empirical research, making them less reliable for drawing scientific conclusions.